Caring behaviours demonstrated to nursing students in the interpersonal relation with the faculty: A cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Nursing students need to experience caring in their educational environment in order to learn how to care for the patients. OBJECTIVE: The present study describes the caring model demonstrated by the faculty to the nursing students through their behaviours, from the perspective of both students and faculty members. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study was conducted. PARTICIPANTS: The sample included 286 students and faculty members. METHODS: The Nursing Students' Perceptions of Instructor Caring assessing tool was used to gather the data. RESULTS: After analysing 676 questionnaires, it was revealed a moderately high level of caring perceived by the students. The most appreciated dimension was control versus flexibility, reporting a mean value of 82.29 and a confidence interval from 81.14 to 83.44, and the least valued was appreciation of life's meanings, reporting a mean value of 63.90 and a confidence interval from 62.20 to 65.60. The students' perception of the care demonstrated by the faculty was significantly lower than the care that the latter believed to transmit in all dimensions (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The caring perceived by the student was expressed through behaviours that inspired confidence in them, promoted a climate of learning and support, helped them to recognise the meaning of life, showed them flexibility and fostered their professional autonomy. The findings of this study can help to improve nursing education by providing a view of the interpersonal relations that the students established during their training with the faculty.

Social networks: A quality tool for health dissemination?

BACKGROUND: Social networks are integrated in our lives and, amongst other functions, they are a means of dissemination. There are numerous social network accounts dedicated to health that could be used as an educational resource. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of accounts dedicated to health in different social networks, assessing their content and didactic and technological effectiveness and accessibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational cross-sectional descriptive study in which an analysis of social networks related to health was carried out from April to June 2021 in Spain. Twenty-eight accounts were analysed using a mixed qualitative-quantitative methodology. Content analysis of the speeches disseminated through the selected accounts was performed. In addition, the quality of the accounts was assessed with the Instrumento de Evaluación de Recursos Educativos Digitales (#IE_RED) (Digital Educational Resources Evaluation Instrument [#IE_RED]). RESULTS: Four categories were identified according to the content: student-focused profiles, specific professionals' profiles, current health issues and profiles promoting a healthy lifestyle. In addition, the quality of the accounts obtained a score that indicates they meet the requirements to be validated as a good educational digital resource but could be improved. Instagram social network accounts and those managed by nurses scored significantly higher. CONCLUSIONS: The analysed accounts were revealed as a quality tool for health dissemination, with varied content and applicable to teaching. Their use could be applied both to the training of health professionals and to the promotion of the population's health.

Behaviour of aerosols and their role in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2; a scoping review.

Covid-19 has triggered an unprecedented global health crisis. The highly contagious nature and airborne transmission route of SARS-CoV-2 virus requires extraordinary measures for its containment. It is necessary to know the behaviour of aerosols carrying the virus to avoid this contagion. This paper describes the behaviour of aerosols and their role in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 according to published models using a scoping review based on the PubMed, Scopus, and WOS databases. From an initial 530 references, 9 papers were selected after applying defined inclusion criteria. The results reinforce the airborne transmission route as a means of contagion of the virus and recommend the use of face masks, extending social distance to more than 2 metres, and natural ventilation of enclosed spaces as preventive measures. These results contribute to a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and help design effective strategies to prevent its spread.

Effectiveness of the Advanced Practice Nursing interventions in the patient with heart failure: A systematic review.

RATIONALE AND AIM: Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) is a specialist who has acquired clinical skills to make complex decisions for a better professional practice. In the United States, this figure has been developed in different ways, but in some European countries, it is not yet fully developed, although it may imply a significant advance in terms of continuity and quality of care in patients with chronic or multiple pathologies, including cardiac ones and, more specifically, heart failure (HF). The follow-up of HF patients in many countries has focused on the medical management of the process, neglecting all the other comprehensive health aspects that contribute to decompensation of HF, worsening quality indicators or patient satisfaction, and there are not updated reviews to clarify the relevance of APN in HF, comparing the results of APN interventions with doctors clinical practice, since the complexity of care that HF patients need makes it difficult to control the disease through regular treatment. For this reason, this systematic review was proposed in order to update the available knowledge on the effectiveness of APN interventions in HF patients, analysing four PICO questions (Patients, Interventions, Comparison and Outcomes): whether APN implies a reduction in the number of hospital readmissions, if it reduces mortality, if it has a positive cost-benefit relationship and if it implies any improvement in the quality of life of HF patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: A systematic review was performed based on the PRISMA statement, searching at four databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and Cuiden. Articles were selected based on the following criteria: English/Spanish language, up to 6 years since publication, and original quantitative studies of experimental, quasi-experimental or observational character. Papers were excluded if they do not comply with CONSORT or STROBE checklists, and if they had not been published in journals indexed in JCR and/or SJR. For the analysis, two separate researchers used the Cochrane Handbook form for systematic reviews of intervention, collecting authorship variables, study methods, risks of bias, intervention and comparison groups, results obtained, PICO question or questions answered, and the main conclusions. RESULTS: A total of 43,754 patients participated in the 11 included studies for the development of this review, mostly from United States and non-European countries, with a clearly visible lack of European publications. Regarding the results related to first PICO question, researches reviewed proved that APN implied a reduction in the number of hospital readmissions in patients with heart failure (up to 33%). Regarding the second question, mortality was always lower in groups assisted by APN versus in control groups (up to 7.8% vs. 17.7%). Regarding the third question, APN was cost-effective in this type of patient as the cost reduction was eventually calculated in 1.9 million euros. Regarding the last question, quality of life of patients who have been cared for by an APN had notoriously improved, although one of the papers concluded that no significant differences were found. All the questions addressed obtained a positive answer; therefore, APN is a practice that reduced hospital readmissions and mortality in HF patients. The cost-effectiveness is much better with APN than with usual care, and although the quality of life of HF patients seems to improve with APN, more studies are needed to support this focused on this.

Sedentary Behaviors of a School Population in Brazil and Related Factors.

Background. Overweight and obesity arise from a complex range of genetic, environmental, behavioral, educational, and socioeconomic factors. The present study explored the sedentary practices and some life habits related to health among children from the school population of Uruguaiana (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to characterize the life habits of the school boys and girls from fourth grade (9-10 years old). Results: A total of 470 fourth-grade boys and girls (9-10 years old) participated in the study. As regards the variables linked to habits, 24% of the boys and girls answered they had not had breakfast the day they completed the questionnaire and 51.8% stated they did not have breakfast any given day of the week. Regarding sedentary habits, 25.3% of children watched TV or played video games five or more hours a day and 9% rarely played sports with their parents or caregivers. Statistical significance was recorded between "number of hours watching TV and playing video games" and "playing sports with parents or caregivers" (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Association between the times spent watching TV or playing video games and the practice of physical exercise in the family proves once again the importance of the family in education for the health of children. The school provides direct access to schoolchildren and their parents to launch numerous health education programs.

[Mask use during high impact exercise in the pandemic.] / El uso de mascarillas en la práctica de ejercicio físico de alta intensidad durante la pandemia.

OBJECTIVE: The use of masks is one of the measures to protect against the Covid-19 pandemic. The type of mask and how to use it during physical exercise has generated controversy. This work aims to analyse the effect of the use of masks in the practice of high intensity physical exercise. METHODS: An exploratory review was conducted by querying the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and CUIDEN databases. RESULTS: Respiratory physiology at rest and performing intense physical exercise was described, explaining how the use of masks during high-intensity physical exercise affects it in relation to gas exchange. CONCLUSIONS: In case of intense physical exercise, the use of masks is not recommended because of the enhancing effect on PCO2. It would not allow the complete expulsion of the expired CO2 and would increase its concentration, along with the typical increase of the breathing rate during the exercise.

OBJETIVO: El uso de mascarillas es una de las medidas de protección ante la pandemia de Covid-19. El tipo de mascarilla y cómo usarla durante la realización de ejercicio físico ha generado controversia. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar el efecto del uso de mascarillas en la práctica de ejercicio físico de alta intensidad. METODOS: Se realizó una revisión exploratoria consultando las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar y CUIDEN. RESULTADOS: Se describieron la fisiología respiratoria en reposo, al realizar ejercicio físico intenso y cómo afecta el uso de mascarillas durante el ejercicio físico de alta intensidad, en relación con el intercambio gaseoso. CONCLUSIONES: En caso de ejercicio físico intenso no se aconseja el uso de mascarillas por el efecto potenciador de la PCO2, ya que no permitiría la expulsión completa del CO2 expirado y aumentaría su concentración con el incremento fisiológico de la frecuencia respiratoria propia del ejercicio.

The Physics of Fluid Dynamics Applied to Vascular Ulcers and Its Impact on Nursing Care.

The high incidence of vascular ulcers and the difficulties encountered in their healing process require the understanding of their multiple etiologies to develop effective strategies focused on providing different treatment options. This work provides a description of the principles of the physics of fluid dynamics related to vascular ulcers. The morphological characteristics of the cardiovascular system promote blood flow. The contraction force of the left ventricle is enhanced by its ability to reduce its radius of curvature and by increasing the thickness of the ventricular wall (Laplace's Law). Arterial flow must overcome vascular resistance (Ohm's equation). The elastic nature of the artery and the ability to reduce its diameter as flow rate progresses facilitate blood conduction at high speed up to arteriolar level, and this can be determined by the second equation of continuity. As it is a viscous fluid, we must discuss laminar flow, calculated by the Reynolds number, which favors proper conduction while aiming at the correct net filtration pressure. Any endothelial harmful process that affects the muscle wall of the vessel increases the flow speed, causing a decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure, thus reducing the exchange of nutrients at the interstitial level. With regard to the return system, the flow direction is anti-gravity and requires endogenous aid to establish the Starling's equilibrium. Knowledge on the physics of vascular fluid dynamics makes it easier to understand the processes of formation of these ulcers so as to choosing the optimal healing and prevention techniques for these chronic wounds.

Nursing Care Ethical Implications Regarding Chronic Patients at Hospital Discharge.

Mortality rates among pluripathological patients are significantly higher in the hospital setting, with advanced age and dependence on certain vital functions the main clinical aspects. Other features involved in the care, such as the loss of autonomy and social problems, have important ethical implications. The aim of this article is to analyze the health problems and the functional and social situation of chronic patients after hospital admission in order to determine their care needs and the ethical implications these might have. For this, a cross-sectional descriptive study is being carried out with a sample of 111 chronic pluripathological patients admitted to the internal medicine service and discharged later. Overall, 96.6% of the patients in the sample were dependent, 91.7% had social problems or were at social risk and 36.9% had cognitive impairment. Among dependent patients, 59.4% had social problems (p = 0.029), 19.2% lived alone (p = 0.13), and in 73.3% of cases the housing was inadequate (p = 0.47). Among those with cognitive impairment, 79.5% of patients had social problems (p = 0.001), and 10.3% lived alone (p = 0.038). The results of the study confirm the presence of dependence and social problems at hospital discharge in a high proportion of chronic patients. Planning their care can lead to ethical conflicts related to the use of information technologies, which are destined to promote the patients' autonomy, and to the social problems associated with the illness.

Úlceras arteriales y venosas. La física de la dinámica de fluidos vasculares como base de la prevención primaria enfermera / Arterial and venous ulcers. The physics of fluid dynamics as a basis for primary nursing prevention

Las úlceras vasculares son lesiones que se producen en las extremidades inferiores provocadas o agravadas por algún problema en el flujo sanguíneo distal, ya sea por el aporte, en el caso de las arteriales, o por el retorno, en el caso de las venosas. El conocimiento del proceso fisiopatológico en la aparición de las mismas ayuda a entender su etiología y proceso de evolución. Además, la comprensión de los mecanismos fisiológicos que las provocan permite escoger entre las diferentes técnicas a llevar a cabo, tanto preventivas como curativas, para establecer las medidas oportunas a poner en marcha. Se consiguen así intervenciones más efectivas dirigidas a la etiología del problema, que evitan que aparezca o se agrave, o, en caso contrario, favorecen una pronta cicatrización y, por lo tanto, una mayor calidad de vida de los pacientes. Enfermería debe conocer el proceso fisiopatológico de dichas lesiones, ya que tiene por objeto fomentar medidas de prevención, así como realizar las curas de manera efectiva, reduciendo las recidivas

Vascular ulcers are wounds in the lower limbs caused or aggravated by a problem in the distal blood flow, either by the supply in the case of arterial ulcers and return in the case of venous ulcers. The knowledge of the physiopathological process behind its etiology helps to understand the cause and evolution of vascular ulcers. In addition, the understanding of the physiological mechanisms that cause them allows to choose the most effective preventive measure or the most appropriate healing treatment. Thus, more effective interventions aimed at the etiology of the problem are achieved. These measures prevent the ulcers from appearing or getting worse, or in the case of presenting them, they promote an early healing, and therefore, a higher quality of life for the patients. The nurses must know the pathophysiological process of such wounds, since it is in charge of promoting preventive measures, as well as performing the cures effectively, reducing recurrences

El uso de mascarillas en la práctica de ejercicio físico de alta intensidad durante la pandemia / Mask use during high impact exercise in the pandemic

OBJETIVO: El uso de mascarillas es una de las medidas de protección ante la pandemia de Covid-19. El tipo de mascarilla y cómo usarla durante la realización de ejercicio físico ha generado controversia. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar el efecto del uso de mascarillas en la práctica de ejercicio físico de alta intensidad. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión exploratoria consultando las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar y CUIDEN. RESULTADOS: Se describieron la fisiología respiratoria en reposo, al realizar ejercicio físico intenso y cómo afecta el uso de mascarillas durante el ejercicio físico de alta intensidad, en relación con el intercambio gaseoso. CONCLUSIONES: En caso de ejercicio físico intenso no se aconseja el uso de mascarillas por el efecto potenciador de la PCO2, ya que no permitiría la expulsión completa del CO2 expirado y aumentaría su concentración con el incremento fisiológico de la frecuencia respiratoria propia del ejercicio

OBJECTIVE: The use of masks is one of the measures to protect against the Covid-19 pandemic. The type of mask and how to use it during physical exercise has generated controversy. This work aims to analyse the effect of the use of masks in the practice of high intensity physical exercise. METHODS: An exploratory review was conducted by querying the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and CUIDEN databases. RESULTS: Respiratory physiology at rest and performing intense physical exercise was described, explaining how the use of masks during high-intensity physical exercise affects it in relation to gas exchange. CONCLUSIONS: In case of intense physical exercise, the use of masks is not recommended because of the enhancing effect on PCO2. It would not allow the complete expulsion of the expired CO2 and would increase its concentration, along with the typical increase of the breathing rate during the exercise

Systematic review of the nature of nursing care described by using the Caring Behaviours Inventory.

AIM: To describe the nature of care received by patients measured through the Caring Behaviours Inventory. BACKGROUND: Professional nursing practice combines two dimensions of caring: instrumental care and expressive care. Instrumental care focuses on physical health needs, in terms of efficiency and employs interventions based on evidence. Expressive care is patient-centred and based on the interpersonal relationship. It requires caring attitudes that include respect, kindness, sensitivity and patience. The Caring Behaviours Inventory is a tool designed to assess the care expressed through the behaviours nurses perform, contextualised within the Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring. METHODS: A systematic review following PRISMA recommendations. Scopus, PubMed and CINAHL databases were consulted using the keywords "Caring Behaviours Inventory" AND "Nursing". The Joanna Briggs Institute tool was used for the quality appraisal. A conceptual analysis and a thematic synthesis were performed for data extraction. RESULTS: 11 articles were selected. Three categories were identified: nature of caring, congruence between perceived care by patients and nurses, and factors associated with the expression of care. DISCUSSION: An emphasis on care of an instrumental nature was identified. The perception of patients differs from that of nurses, patients perceive a lower level of expressive caring than the one nurses believe to deliver. Caring behaviours are affected by the working environment, nurses' emotional intelligence and coping skills, and socio-demographic characteristics. CONCLUSION: This paper described the findings of previous research regarding the nature of care that is transmitted and received in clinical practice. Results highlight an emphasis on the instrumental aspect of the nursing care according to the patients' perception. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Findings summarised in this review could contribute to a better understanding of the nursing care. Results reported in this paper could also help to improve the quality of care delivered by nurses as well as patient-centeredness.

Anthropometric Measures as Predictive Indicators of Metabolic Risk in a Population of "Holy Week Costaleros".

Preventive measures are a priority in those groups that perform intense physical efforts without physical preparation and that can also be overweight or obese. One of the groups that reflect these characteristics is the costaleros of the Holy Week of Andalusia, Spain. This paper aims to describe the effect of obesity on blood pressure. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 101 costaleros. The anthropometric measures were determined through segmental impedance. Cardiac recovery and anaerobic power were measured through the Ruffier⁻Dickson test and the Abalakov test, respectively. Blood pressure was measured when the individuals were at rest. The Kruskal⁻Wallis test was applied for of continuous parameters and the X² test for dichotomous measures. Binary logistic regression models were used for the subsequent analysis with R-square and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. The average population was 28 years of age, 173.7 cm tall, and 82.59 Kg weigh. The excess of body fat was 11.27 Kg and Body Mass Index was 27.33 Kg/m². 72.3% showed abnormal blood pressure and 68.2% were overweight. 32.7% had a waist-hip ratio higher than 0.94. The probability of presenting abnormal blood pressure was higher among the subjects whose fat content was higher and muscle content was lower.